TRAIL is a cytokine that is produced and secreted by most normal tissue cells. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a ligand molecule which induces apoptosis. It is a type II transmembrane protein with homology to other members of the tumor necrosis factor family. TRAIL binds to the death receptors, DR4 and DR5. The process of apoptosis is caspase-8-dependent. This protein preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed and tumor cells, but does not appear to kill normal cells although it is expressed at a significant level in most normal tissues.
Synonyms: Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, Protein TRAIL, Apo-2 ligand, Apo-2L, CD253 antigen, TL2, APO2L, TNFSF10

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NT-3 a member of the neurotrophin family, that controls survival and differentiation of mammalian neurons. The protein is closely related to both nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. It may be involved in the maintenance of the adult nervous system, and may affect development of neurons in the embryo. NT-3 deficient mice generated by gene targeting display severe movement defects of the limbs.
The mature peptide of this protein is identical in all mammals examined including human, pig, rat and mouse.
NT-3 human recombinant produced in E. coli is a non-glycosylated and non-covalently linked homodimer, containing 2x119 amino acid chains, having a total Mw of 27.2 kDa. The NT-3 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: Neurotrophic factor, NGF-2, HDNF

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of two related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages.
M-CSF induces cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. M-CSF plays a role in immunological defenses, bone metabolism, lipoprotein clearance, fertility and pregnancy.
M-CSF (human recombinant, produced in E. coli) is a non-glycosylated, disulfide -linked homodimer polypeptide chain containing 2x159 amino acids and having a total molecular mass of 36.8 kD. M-CSF is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: MCSF, CSF-1, lanimostim

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GDNF promotes the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in culture, and is able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. The encoded protein is processed to a mature secreted form that exists as a homodimer. The mature form of the protein is a ligand for the RET proto-oncogene.
In addition to the transcript encoding GNDF, two additional alternative transcripts encoding distinct proteins, referred to as astrocyte-derived trophic factors, have also been described. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Hirschsprung disease.
GDNF enhances survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake. GDNF is a homodimer, produce in E.Coli, non glykosylated, polypeptide chain containing 2x135 amino acids and having a total molecular mass of 30,360 Dalton. As a means of purifying GDNF, chromatographic techniques were used.
Synonyms: ATF1, ATF2, HFB1-GDNF

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The term ’PDGF’ refers to a family of disulphide bond-linked dimeric isoforms that act as autocrine and paracrine growth factors and are produced by a variety of cell types other than platelets. They act as potent mitogens for almost all mesenchyme-derived cells.
Aberrant expression is involved in certain cancers, fibro-proliferative disorders and atherosclerosis. The proteins also contribute to wound healing and neural regeneration. There are four members of the PDGF family – PDGF A, PDGF B, PDGF C and PDGF D. Two distinct types of PDGF-A exist – a short form that is soluble and a long form that is retained by the extracellular matrix.
PDGF AB human recombinant is a heterodimeric, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 234 amino acids consisting of 13.3 kDa alpha-chain and 12.2 kDa beta-chain having a total molecular mass of 25.5 kDa. PDGF-AB is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: Glioma-derived growth factor, Osteosarcoma-derived growth factor

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Platelet-derived Growth Factor BB (PDGF-BB) is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. The four members of this family are mitogenic factors for cells of mesenchymal origin and are characterized by a motif of eight cysteines. This gene product can exist either as a homodimer (PDGF-BB) or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide (PDGF-AB), where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds.
Mutations in this gene are associated with meningioma. Two splice variants have been identified for this gene. PDGF-BB human recombinant is a homo-
dimeric, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 2 x 109 amino acids (218 amino acids total) and having a molecular mass of 24.3 kDa.
PDGF-BB is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: Glioma-derived growth factor, Osteosarcoma-derived growth factor, PDGF-2

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Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. HGF synergizes with Interleukin-3 and GM-CSF to stimulate colony formation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro and may, therefore, also modulate hematopoiesis.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Human Recombinant produced in CHO is a heterodimer, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain consisting an a-chain of 463 amino acids and b-chain of 234 having a total molecular mass of approximately 75kDa. The HGF is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: Scatter Factor (SF), Hepatopoietin (HPTA), HGF.

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Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, also called LIF, is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation.
LIF has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone and fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines and promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and mouse LIF exhibit a 78% identity in its amino acid sequence.
Human recombinant LIF produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 180 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 19.7 kDa. The Leukemia Inhibitory Factor is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: CDF, HILDA, D-FACTOR, Differentiation-stimulating factor, Melanoma-derived LPL inhibitor, MLPLI, Emfilermin, Leukemia inhibitory factor, LIF, DIA

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The somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), comprise a family of peptides that play important roles in mammalian growth and development. IGF-1 mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (GH; MIM 139250). Early studies showed that growth hormone did not directly stimulate the incorporation of sulfate into cartilage, but rather acted through a serum factor, termed 'sulfation factor', which later became known as 'somatomedin' (Daughaday et al.; 1972). Three main somatomedins have been characterized: somatomedin C (IGF-1), somatomedin A (IGF-2; MIM 147470), and somatomedin B (MIM 193190).
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Human Recombinant produced in E. coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 70 amino acids and having a molecular weight of 7,600 Da.
IGF-1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: Somatomedin C, IGF-I, IGFI, IGF1, IGF-IA, Mechano growth factor, MGF

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As its name implies, VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte & macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells).
VEGF induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.
VEGF human recombinant produced in E. coli is a double, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 165 amino acids having a molecular mass of 38231 D. The VEGF is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: VEGF-A, vascular permeability factor

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication. TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism and coagulation. The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases - autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. TNF-a human recombinant produced in E. coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 158 amino acids (157 amino acids of the mature human TNF-a and an N-terminal methionine) and having a molecular mass of 17.5 kDa. The TNF-a is purified by standard chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: TNF-a, TNF-alpha, Tumor necrosis factor ligand super family member 2

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Transforming growth factor betas (TGFBetas) mediate many cell-cell interactions that occur during embryonic development. In mammals three TGFbetas have been identified.
TGFb1, TGFb2 and TGFb3 are synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecule.
TGF beta 1 hum. rec. is produced in Human 293 cells as a homodimeric polypeptide chain containing 2 x 112 amino acids and having a total molecular mass of 25.6kDa. The protein is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: growth factor beta-1, TG-beta-1, CED, DPD1, TGFB, TGF-b 1, LAP, TGFB1

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PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types including smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, bone and cartilage cells, and some blood cells. The PDGF is stored in platelet alpha-granules and released upon platelet activation. The PDGF is involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, chemotaxis, embryonic neuron development, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development.
Two distinct signaling receptors used by PDGF have been identified and named PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta. PDGFR-alpha is high-affinity receptor for each of the three PDGF forms. On the other hand, PDGFR-beta interacts with only PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor AA Human Recombinant is a homodimeric, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 2 x 125 amino acids and having a total molecular mass of 28511 Dalton. PDGF-AA is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: Glioma-derived growth factor, GDGF, Osteosarcoma-derived Growth Factor, ODGF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-1.

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As its name suggested, NGF is involved primarily in the growth, as well as the maintenance, proliferation, and survival of nerve cells (neurons). Mutations in this gene have been associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, type 5 (HSAN5), and dysregulation of this gene's expression is associated with allergic rhinitis. NGF subunits a and γ are members of the kallikrein family of serine proteases while the β subunit, called βNGF or 2.5S NGF, exhibits all the biological activities ascribed to NGF.
Synonyms: Beta nerve growth factor (NGF-beta), Beta Polypeptide, NGF, NGFB, HSAN5, Beta-NGF, MGC161426, MGC161428

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Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. CSF-1 induces cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. It plays a role in immunological defenses, bone metabolism, lipoproteins clearance, fertility and pregnancy. Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Mouse Recombinant produced in E. coli is a disulfide linked homodimer, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 2 x 156 amino acids and having a total molecular mass of 36.4 KD. MCSF is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: CSF-1, Lanimostim, MCSF, M-CSF.

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Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. LIF has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone and fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines and promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and mouse LIF exhibit a 78% identity in their amino acid sequence.
LIF murine recombinant produced in E. coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 181 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 20 kDa. The LIF is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: CDF, DIA, Differentiation-stimulating factor

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IL-6 is a cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions: it plays an essential role in the final differentiation of b-cells into ig-secreting cells, it induces myeloma and plasmacytoma growth, it induces nerve cells differentiation, in hepatocytes it induces acute phase reactants.
Interleukin-6 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 184 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 21000 Dalton.
The IL-6 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: IFN-b2, B cell differentiation factor, BCDF, BSF-2, HPGF, HSF, MGI-2, B-cell stimulatory factor 2, Interferon beta-2, Hybridoma growth factor, CTL differentiation factor, CDF, IL-6, HGF

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a powerful immune-regulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions which are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK-cells, lymphokine activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Recombinant human IL-2 produced in E. coli is a 15.5 kDa protein, containing 134 amino acid residues including one intra-chain disulfide bond.
Synonyms: IL-2, Lymphokine, T-cell growth factor

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Interleukin 15 is a protein that regulates T and natural killer cell activation and proliferation. As a pleiotropic cytokine, it plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. Cytokines and interleukines share many biological activities.
IL-15 is constitutively expressed by a large number of tissues and cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), keratinocytes, fibroblasts and nerve cells.
They are found to bind common hematopoietin receptor subunits, and may compete for the same receptor, and thus negatively regulate each other's activity. The number of CD8+ memory cells is shown to be controlled by a balance between this cytokine and IL2. This cytokine induces the activation of JAK kinases, as well as the phosphorylation and activation of transcription activators STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6.
Studies of the mouse counterpart suggested that this cytokine may increase the expression of apoptosis inhibitor BCL2L1/BCL-x(L), possibly through the transcription activation activity of STAT6, and thus prevent apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding the same protein have been reported.
Interleukin-15 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 114 amino acids (and an N-terminal Methionine) and having a molecular mass of 12.8kDa. The IL-15 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Synonyms: Interleukin 15, IL-15, MGC9721

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IL10 is a cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and to a lesser extent by TH2-lymphocytes. This cytokine has pleiotropic effects in immunoregulation and inflammation.
IL 10 inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T-cells. It inhibits the formation of cytokines responsible for the Th1 answer thereby it promotes the survival, increase and the antibody production of B-lymphocytes.
It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. This cytokine can block NF-kappa B activity, and is involved in the regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
Synonyms: B-TCGF, CSIF, TGIF, IL-10, IL10A, MGC126450, MGC126451, Cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor

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